Comparison of Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO₂Max) Examination Using Submaximal and Maximal Exercise Tests in Young Non-Athlete Adults: A Literature Review

Abstract

Background: Maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂Max) is an important indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness related to physical endurance and cardiovascular health. In young, non-athlete adults who tend to lead a sedentary lifestyle, measuring VO₂Max can be a preventive measure in assessing and improving fitness. VO₂Max testing can be performed using submaximal or maximal exercise tests, each with its own advantages and limitations. Objective: To analyze the results and comparison of VO₂Max testing using submaximal and maximal exercise tests in young, non-athlete adults. Methods: A systematic literature review of 10 articles from PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted. The study designs included cross-sectional, cohort, case-control, and quasi-experimental studies. Data extracted included respondent characteristics, exercise test type, and VO₂Max measurement results. Results: Submaximal tests such as the 6-Minute Walking Test (6-MWT), Step Test, and Beep Test showed VO₂Max values ​​in the poor to moderate range. In contrast, maximal tests such as the Treadmill Test and the Cooper 12-Minute Test yield higher VO₂Max values ​​(in the good–very good category). Differences are influenced by gender, age, physical activity, and body mass index. Conclusion: VO₂Max values ​​from submaximal tests are lower than maximal tests. Submaximal tests are safer and more practical for initial fitness screening in non-athletes, while maximal tests are more accurate for comprehensive assessments of cardiorespiratory fitness.